The promise of nanoelectronics is to provide revolutionary capabilities in all areas of science and technology, ranging from physics, to the fields of computing, medicine, biology, and materials. Two major properties of nanoelectronic devices and circuits are ultra-low power and ultra-high speed operation. Low power greatly minimizes the requirements for batteries in myriad applications in the civilian, military, and Homeland Security fields. High speed will revolutionize communications and computer performance. Among the concepts envisioned are quantum computing, supercomputers on a chip, instant-on computers, implanted medical monitoring devices, neural prostheses, self-aware and adaptive robots, and autonomous surveillance systems, all of which show opportunity for invention and technological enterprise.