unity principles

proximity

repetition

continuation or contiguity

unified direction (orientation)

unified element (texture, color, shape, line, scale, etc)

unified velocity (objects traveling in a similar direction or rate of speed)

overall pattern (e.g., grid)

symmetry (two way, four way)

gestalt (implied configuration--as with four lines in proximity leading to "closure"; see also Donis Dondis's "challenge" to gestalt grouping principles...based on cultural and environmental cues..see Lazzari, page 53)

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unity with variety

shape grammars (see Lazzari, page 63)

typology

morphology

implied transformation